A
child growing up in central Togo will be introduced
to shea butter from birth. Every linguistic
group has their own name for the shea tree
and shea butter. In the language of Kaboli,
shea butter is called oyi and the shea tree
is eggi-oyi. Knowing the cultural importance
and medicinal uses of shea butter in central
and northern Togo is very essential, since
it is a valuable natural resource for this
region. Shea butter is an important food and
cosmetic oil, and shea butter is also deeply
embedded in the ceremonial practices of various
ethnic groups in central Togo.
Shea
Butter Culture
The
Fulani group Atafadé near Kaboli use shea
butter during and before wedding ceremonies.
First, the bride applies shea butter to her
face and arms at least three months before
the wedding day to beautify her skin. The
shea butter that she uses is made especially
for this purpose by her mother or other female
relatives. The groom also uses shea butter
to prepare for the wedding. He applies shea
butter mixed with herbs to his chest to prepare
for the ritual whipping - the Godja ritual
- which he will endure.
The
bride's parents will whip the groom on his
chest 30 times to test how brave their future
son-in-law is and how dedicated he is to marrying
their daughter. If the groom shows signs of
weakness during the ritual, the parents can
refuse to accept him, and he must wait until
the next year to try again. This whipping
ritual can leave serious bruises and even
wounds on the groom's chest. Shea butter mixed
with wild honey is applied to hasten the healing.
Readers should not think of this as a primitive
ritual. The main point of the Godja ritual
is to test how much the man truly loves the
bride since he is willing to endure physical
pain for her. It is a way of demonstrating
to the bride's parents that she will be safe
and that he will do what he needs to protect
her.
Shea
butter is also part of the everyday culture
in central Togo. The people in the Okalakun
plateau use the byproducts from making shea
butter in their homes. The red milky water
that is collected after removing the shea
oil is mixed with clay to form bricks. The
people of this region believe that termites
do not like the scent of the shea water and
will be repelled from the house. This prevention
method is very effective, and has been adopted
throughout central and northern Togo. It is
especially used for making granaries to store
corn, millet and yams, which are very vulnerable
to termites.
The
red liquid byproduct also has artistic uses.
After the shea oil is collected, the remaining
red water is let sit for 3 weeks or more.
The shea water becomes concentrated into a
thick red paste. This shea paste is mixed
with clay and applied to floors and walls
to make them look attractive. The shea paste
is also used to draw figures and decorations
on the walls. This natural paint made from
the byproduct of producing shea butter is
very economical, since industrial paint is
very expensive and chemically dangerous.
Making
shea butter is a way of life for women of
central Togo. Making shea butter gives women
a chance to socialize and talk about their
family issues and receive consultation from
each other. Making shea butter is almost entirely
women's work, so they feel free to talk about
their family situations. Shea butter is also
group work. For example three to six women
will pound the shea kernels at the same time.
Since this can be very tiring work, they help
pass the time by singing or discussing family
matters.
Moreover,
making shea butter can provide women with
social economic stability and economic equality
within their family institutions. The women
make the shea butter and bring it to the local
markets for sale. The money is then used to
purchase material, household items, food,
school books and other essential items. Throughout
Togo, women who do not have to solely depend
on their husbands for economic income have
more freedom than those that do.
Shea
Butter and Health Care
The
use of shea butter for healing and health
care is unlimited in Togo. The application
of shea butter to the skin begins at birth
and continues throughout life. In addition
to general skin application, shea butter is
also used in specific circumstances. In the
dry Harmattan season in central and northern
Togo, one's feet can easily crack and bleed.
Regular applications of shea butter is used
to help heal and prevent cracked heals. For
babies born during this season, shea butter
is used to help keep the umbilical cord from
drying out too quickly and bleeding. Shea
butter is also applied to burns, sprains,
insect stings and broken bones. People in
central Togo have long believed shea butter
has anti-inflammatory properties, which is
now being shown in clinical trials. Shea butter
is also used in soap making, and is a major
ingredient in some traditional soaps.
Shea
Butter and Cooking
Another
important use of shea butter in central Togo
is for cooking. Shea butter can be made at
home and does no't require any special equipment.
Therefore, even the most economically disadvantaged
can make their own shea butter for cooking.
Shea butter is used for frying bean cakes,
for example. We also eat the fruits, which
ripen during the planting season and make
a good snack while working in the fields.
Furthermore,
the byproducts of making shea butter - the
red water, nut shells, and unused kernels
are used in farming. The byproducts of shea
butter production help improve the soil condition
by providing organic matter which improves
water filtration and soil texture. Using shea
butter byproducts provides multiple benefits;
the farmers save money and improve the health
and productivity of their soils.
Conclusion
In sum, shea butter is engrained in the culture
of central and northern Togo. Shea butter
has ceremonial uses and well as being a daily
staple for cooking and skin care. The byproducts
are used for art and improving soil. We should
think of shea butter not just as a product
but a natural part of life. We should also
do everything in our power to protect the
shea trees and indigenous knowledge surrounding
this wonderful natural resource. This is the
goal and primary duty of the Agbanga Karité
Group.